Sunday, November 17, 2019

Debunking Bad Empanada "Columbus Was Evil, Actually" Video




BadEmpanada does the exact thing that he criticizes others of doing, including distorting, omitting and denying historical facts. His video is mostly projection. He used “modern historians” and writers to support his assertions as if their words were gospel. He also used some primary sources quotes here and there, but without their proper context. He claims Columbus was a white supremacist, but without giving any primary source to support his claim. If Columbus was a white supremacist, why on earth did the KKK hate him, and his statues, in the early 1900s? If he was a white supremacist, why on earth did he protect his Taino allies from the Caribs and Spaniard mutineers? Of course, that is not on the video because it won’t fit his false narrative. If he was a racist, why on earth did he bring the gospel of Christ to them? If Spain was racist, why on earth did their priests fight for the human rights of the natives? Where does Mr. Bad Empanada think we Hispanics came from if Columbus and the Spaniards were all bad and racists? 

BadEmpanada claims that it was not normal for others to invade foreign lands, subjugate them, make them pay tribute, enslave them, etc. 1:08: 24. Really? Has he ever read history? Is that history denialism? Has he ever heard of the Babylonians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Turks? Or maybe the Indigenous imperial kingdoms of the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans? Or is he also going to deny the Indigenous people have their share of imperialism, conquest, and slavery!? Does Bad Empanada know slavery was UNIVERSAL? Does he know slavery was practiced thousands of years before Columbus was born? 

BadEmpanada seems to deny that Columbus’ words have been twisted by revisionists, but that is a fact. 19:26. For example, when Columbus met the Tainos for the first time, he praised them as good and intelligent people who MUST BE good servants. “Servants,” as one who serves a king and not as one who is a slave. The natives had both servants and slaves. Columbus mentioned the native kings’ servants in the December 22, 1492 entry of his journal. But revisionists changed the phrase (MUST for WOULD MAKE) to insinuate Columbus was thinking about slavery from day one. Worse, they added the line “with 50 men we could subjugate them,” when he said that 3 days later, in another place, and under another context. Spanish is my mother language and I have read his journal, and he said “MUST BE” and not that “they would make good servants.” (“Ellos deben ser buenos servidores.” Historia de las Indias by Las Casas, Libro I, Capítulo XL).

Columbus’ journal was written for the King and Queen of Spain. Columbus assured them that “with 50 men we could subjugate them” because he perceived the natives of the first islands he visited were not skillful in battle. That was not the case with the people of the bigger islands, where the natives tended to be more warlike. In turn, the Tainos believed Columbus came from Heaven to save them from the Caribs. 

So, who were the Caribs? The Caribs were a tribe of cannibals who raided the Tainos, kidnapping them, raping their women and castrating their men. They were cannibals who killed and ate the natives of entire islands. That sounds like genocide. Source? Every primary source of the era, including Fray Bartolome de las Casas.

So, what did Columbus do? He gave gifts to the Tainos, he traded with them and he made sure the Spaniards were fair in their businesses with them. At the end of this first voyage, Columbus ended on good terms with them and he made a treaty with one of the chiefs of Hispaniola, chief Guacanagari, promising him protection from the Caribs.  (Source- Columbus’ Own Journal translated by John Cummins). It was common back then for different peoples to ally with one another to fight a common enemy.

Columbus returned to Spain and he was received as a hero. He told the queen the Tainos were good people, and he was commanded, as governor, to harshly punish anyone who would mistreat them. The king and queen treated with great honor 7 Tainos Columbus brought with him as well. Source- Historia General by Oviedo, Lib. II, Cap. VII.

When Columbus returned to the New World for his second voyage, he fulfilled his promise, either by destroying the canoes of the Caribs or by taking them as prisoners. Those are the slaves he was talking about in a letter, at 29:38 of the Bad Empanada’s video. See Letter to Luis de Santangel by Columbus. Columbus reached Hispaniola but his men were murdered by a rival chief of Guacanagari. For almost a year and a half, Columbus tried to keep the peace, until Guacanagari asked Columbus for help to fight his rivals. Why? Because the rival chiefs killed and kidnapped some of Guacanari’s wives (chiefs were polygamous). Columbus used the occasion to bring to justice those who had killed more of his men. Columbus fought them, defeated them, and sent some of them to Spain as prisoners of war, along with the Caribs he captured. He made the rest to pay tribute. All these were the rules of the day, during war, back then. The Life of the Admiral by Ferdinand Columbus, chapters 46-61.

Since the Tainos were seen as allies of Spain, Columbus was allowed to enslave only those he might have to fight in battle in Hispaniola. The dirty little secret revisionists won’t tell you is, that the slavery on the island of Hispaniola was temporary. It was temporary because, again, the Tainos were their allies. All Columbus wanted was for the chiefs to stop bickering with one another and to stop killing his men. That was the purpose of the temporary slavery and tribute payments. In the meantime, Columbus harshly punished any Spaniard who mistreated them as he was told by the queen to do so. Do you see how much of the story and context was left out?

Another detail omitted from the story is that the (very) few times Columbus (or his brothers) fought in battle against a Taino tribe, it was at the request of, or with the assistance of other tribes. 

Mutiny and political coups were very common during this era. Columbus’ power was usurped by a man named Roldan, during his third voyage. It was Roldan, and not Columbus (as Bad Empanada stated), who initiated the Repartimientos, later known as the Encomienda system under the Nicolas de Ovando administration. 24:23. 

Contrary to what some revisionists claim, Columbus wasn’t raping women, nor giving women over to be raped, either. In fact, the complaint of Roldan’s rebels was that the Columbus’ administration kept Roldan’s men from taking native women. It was Columbus who accused them of rape instead. Those who later slandered Columbus, accused him of anything but giving women away to be raped. Some people today use Michele de Cuneo’s rape story as evidence for the aforementioned accusation of Columbus, but they never tell you that the authenticity of Cuneo’s account was once doubted by scholars due to many inconsistencies. Giving women away was something practiced by some tribes back then. Where are the anti-Columbus people condemning them? If Columbus gave a woman to Cuneo, then it was for that reason, and also because Cuneo was not a Spaniard. But that is assuming his account is fully factual. 

Question: If rape was legal, why did Columbus report the Spaniards for raping native women? Or, why didn't they report Columbus for raping women?

During the third voyage, the rebels were making false accusations against Columbus, claiming he was mistreating Spaniards and natives alike. Spain sent a man named Bobadilla to investigate the charges, but Bobadilla arrested Columbus without due process, used the false accusations as “evidence,” and illegally took the governorship to himself. Bobadilla’s document was the one found in 2006, but BadEmpanada “forgot” to tell you the accusations in it were false. 41:15. 

As Columbus was shipped as a prisoner to Spain, he took the time to write a letter to a friend. That letter is the one revisionists claim Columbus was selling children for sex. 44:00. Except that is not true. Columbus was complaining in the letter against the rebels and how they usurped his authority. Nonetheless, the letter says nothing about people having sex with children, or children being sold for that purpose. That claim is a complete fabrication by revisionists. Also, Columbus wrote that letter to a WOMAN (Juana de las Torres) who was a friend of his and the Queen of Spain. So you’re are telling me, Columbus wrote an incriminating letter to a WOMAN (a mother) about how “he was selling children for sex”? Really? Besides, the mutineers who took over, did not need to buy or to sell anyone in order for them to have sex with them. They were acting lawlessly anyway. Source- Letter to Juana de las Torres. Writings of Christopher Columbus, p. 151 (The ebook is free on Google Books).

The closest thing I’ve seen about pedophilia comes from the natives of South America, who gave Columbus 2 girls, during his fourth voyage. One of the girls was 7 and the other one was 11. Columbus was very upset about it. He said they were acting as “whores.” So, what did Columbus do? He fed them, gave them some gifts (as it was his custom), and sent them back to their people. Columbus's Lettera Rarissima to the Sovereigns, Journal and Other Documents, Morison, p. 381.

Who was involved in pedophilia again? 

Columbus arrived in Spain as a prisoner, but the king and queen immediately set for his release. In their own way they apologized to him, lamenting ever sending Bobadilla. The king and queen did not believe the accusations toward Columbus. Not even Bartolome de las Casas believed them! Las Casas even said that “punishments and damages that many claimed [Columbus] committed against them, they perhaps deserved, because of their crimes, insults, disobedience, and sins.” (“... quizás los castigos y daños hechos, que á muchos dicen que hizo, los merecían por sus delitos, insultos ó inobediencias y pecados…”) Historia de las Indias by Las Casas, Libro I, Tomo II, Cap. CLXXXIII, pp. 513-514.

In the meantime, Columbus was compensated, Bobadilla was removed from office, and the rebels (who made up the accusations) were arrested for mutiny. De Orbe Novo by Peter Martyr, Vol. One, Book VII, p. 149. Do you see how much BadEmpanada omitted?

Columbus made one more voyage, while the queen suspended the slavery in Hispaniola. However, the new governor, Nicolas de Ovando, proposed the Encomiendas, because on paper it was not slavery, but Spanish protection to the natives in exchange of pay labor. The natives were to be paid as workers and not to be treated as slaves. That’s why the queen allowed it. De Orbe Novo by Peter Martyr, Vol. Two, Book IV, p. 271 (The Seventh Decade). History of the Indies by Las Casas, Book Two, Chapter 11, pp. 103-104 and 106. 

But Hispaniola, being far away from Spain’s supervision, and Columbus being absent, they used the occasion to abuse the natives, till many of them died or committed mass suicides and abortions. It was the priests who reported all these abuses during this timeline. Every historian and primary source of this era strongly condemned the atrocities, precisely because they were illegal, and against Spanish values. De Orbe Novo by Peter Martyr, Vol. Two, Book IV, p. 272 (The Seventh Decade).

The book, “A Brief History of the Destruction of the Indies” by Las Casas, was about the atrocities committed by the Ovando administration, and those who came afterward in other places. It was not about Columbus as BadEmpanada claims. 48:28. The only thing Bad Empanada got right is that Las Casas was not biased against Columbus. He was actually someone who admired Columbus greatly and defended him many times against those who attacked his honor. Las Casas’ only disagreement with Columbus was about the few times he was engaged in battles against the natives. He called them “unjust wars.” If Las Casas had believed the battles were “just,” then he would not have condemned Columbus for them, or the subsequent temporal slavery and tribute. Notice, Las Casas never condemned Spain for fighting the Moors, or Columbus for fighting corsairs, mutineers or rebels. Las Casas called them “unjust wars” because he believed the natives went to hell when they died fighting for not knowing the One true God. Las Casas did not “exonerate” Columbus’ behavior due to his “poor education and intelligence” either. 51:23. Columbus was described as a very intelligent and brilliant man by Las Casas anyway. History of the Indies by Las Casas, p. 15. When Las Casas said, Columbus was “ignorant,” he meant he did not know better when he fought the natives in those “unjust wars.” 

As for the Spanish Black Legend, Las Casas was indeed the perpetrator of it, along with the Legend of the Noble Savage. To say otherwise is to be in denial. Even Andre Collard, who translated “History of the Indies” into English, talks about it in the Introduction of the book (page xi) and he called Las Casas, “a mythmaker.” 

As mentioned before, every primary source of the era (including Columbus’) condemned the atrocities committed by the Spaniards. But Las Casas portrayed the Spaniards as all evil and the natives as all angels. He also made many contradictory and false claims as well. For example, he said the natives were “untouched by Adam’s sin,” but then he admitted that they practiced witchcraft and cannibalism. He claimed the natives were free from vice, even though he had said before, in the same book, they were the ones who introduced the vice of tobacco to the Europeans. Historia de las Indias by Las Casas, Tomo III, Lib. Tercero, Cap. XXI, p. 464. Historia de las Indias by Las Casas, Tomo III, Lib. Tercero, Cap. XXIII, p. 475.

He also minimized the human sacrifices, even though everyone else, including his peer clerics (and the archeological evidence), confirms that thousands of people were sacrificed every year. History of the Indies by Las Casas, Book Three, Ch. 117, p. 231. He also claimed the Spaniards were killing natives for no reason, even though they were engaged in war. Many times he did not distinguish what was war and what was abuse or he would mix both events. Historia de las Indias by Las Casas, Tomo II, Lib. Primero, Cap. CV, p. 101.

When it comes to Columbus, Las Casas contradicted himself saying he was a “good Christian,” but then he linked him with genocide. He accused Columbus of things he never personally did, or things that happened decades later after Columbus was dead. Not to mention the allegations were false. How can a man be a “good Christian” and be a genocidal maniac? Do you see the contradictions? The fact is that Columbus was a good man and he was the first to report and punish the Spaniards for their atrocities. In addition, Las Casas either omitted or ignored many details on his version. For example, he accused Columbus for the death of one-third of the people in Hispaniola, but he omitted that it was because the natives destroyed all their harvest in order to kill all the Spaniards with starvation. Historia de las Indias by Las Casas, Libro I, Tomo II, Capítulo CVI, página 106. In other words, many natives died by the famine that they themselves created. De Orbe Novo by Peter Martyr, The First Decade, Book IV, p.108. 

Las Casas also omitted (or ignored) that most of the (few) battles Columbus, his brothers, and later other explorers fought, were done with the assistance of other tribes. Las Casas’ books were translated into other languages and they were used as political propaganda against Spain and the Catholic church. Eventually, the state and the church banned his books. 

If you are reading all this in disbelief, I will challenge you to do the following: Read The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by Ferdinand Columbus, which Las Casas used as a source. Then read History of the Indies by Las Casas, not once, but twice. The first time you will see Las Casas had a lot of good points, but I’ll guarantee you, you will start to notice his exaggerations and falsehoods (about the natives, how angelic they were, and the Spaniards, how evil they were) the second time you read it. Then after that, I would like you to read De Orbe Novo by Peter Martyr (volume one), which was another source used by Las Casas. Right now the ebook version is free on Google books. In De Orbe Novo you will see the natives were not angelic, but they were doing what everyone else was doing throughout history: conquest, war, civil wars, political coups, slavery, etc. but with the addition of rampant cannibalism and human sacrifices (genocide?).

Last point, though Columbus was admired during the times of American colonialism, he was also admired after nations in the Americas became independent. Columbus is not a symbol of oppression either, but a symbol of exploration, scientific curiosity, determination, boldness, and perseverance.

#badempanada #knowingbetter #history #christophercolumbus

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Review: "Isabel" TV Series


Isabel Tv series was a three-season Spanish mini-series about Queen Isabel of Spain, who sponsored Columbus' voyages to the New World. It was broadcast from 2012 to 2014. The script and acting were great, but the episodes were too long for my liking (more than an hour each). The first episodes contain very sexually explicit scenes, almost pornographic, so you are warned! As for Columbus, he is incorrectly portrayed as a sneaky person who was cutting backroom deals with the king of Portugal after he discovered America. Because of that, and many, many other inaccuracies about Columbus, I'll give the show 3 out of 5 stars. 



#IsabelTvSeries

Review: "Ethnic America" by Thomas Sowell


This is a great book explaining the history and the cultures that came to live in America. This book gave me some insights as I was writing my second book, "Columbus Day vs Indigenous Peoples' Day."


#EtnicAmericaThomasSowell

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Review: "Silence" Movie


What does this movie have to do with Columbus? The answer is, a lot. Columbus was looking to evangelize Cipangu (Japan), but it wasn't until later when the Jesuits did. The Jesuits (or The Society of Jesus) were co-founded by Spanish Catholic priest, Ignacio de Loyola, who was born in 1491. However, this movie is hard to watch and might not be for everyone. The movie is about the many missionaries who died as martyrs while others, like Liam Neeson's character, denied the faith. The movie is R rated.

#SilenceTheMovie

Review: "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" by Samuel Eliot Morison



This book is NOT a full biography about Columbus. Rather, it is the insights of the author (Morison) as a sailor, who went with an expedition to recreate the voyages of Columbus. He tells the readers what Columbus got right or wrong, as a sailor, and how he was indeed the greatest sailor of his era. Sadly, Morison (incorrectly) linked Columbus with Indigenous genocide and modern-day revisionists gleefully repeat his statements, knowing that Morison contradictorily believed Columbus was a hero. I covered this subject in great depth in my book "Columbus Day vs Indigenous Peoples' Day" (chapter 26), if you are interested in learning more about it. In spite of it all, Morison's work is still one of the most important non-primary sources books on Columbus.

#AdmiralOfTheOceanSea

Friday, October 4, 2019

Bibliography


Here is our Columbus Bibliography List... so far:


Primary Sources From or About Columbus: 

The Voyage of Christopher Columbus, Columbus’ Own Journal of Discovery. Newly Restored and Translated by John Cummins. St. Martin’s Press New York, 1992.

The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During his First Voyage 1492-1493) and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real, Works Issued by The Hakluyt Society, London. No. LXXXVI.

Cristóbal Colón: Textos y Documentos Completos. Prólogo y Notas de Consuelo Varela. Alianza Editorial. 1982.

Writings of Christopher Columbus, Descriptive of the Discovery and Occupation of the New World. Charles L. Webster & Co. New York, 1890.

Select Letters of Christopher Columbus, With Other Original Documents Related to His Four Voyages to the New World. Second Edition. Works Issued by The Hakluyt Society, London. M, DCCC.LXX.

The Book of Prophecies Edited by Christopher Columbus. Wipf & Stock Publishers, Eugene, Oregon, 1997.

Cartas de Particulares a Colón y Relaciones Coetáneas. Recopilación y Edición de Juan Gil y Varela Consuelo. Alianza Editorial. 1984.

Colección de los Viajes y Descubrimientos que Hicieron por Mar los Españoles Desde Fines del Siglo XV by Martín Fernández de Navarrette. Tomo I. Madrid, En La Imprenta Nacional. 1858.

Colección de los Viajes y Descubrimientos que Hicieron por Mar los Españoles Desde Fines del Siglo XV by Martín Fernández de Navarrette. Tomo II. Madrid, En La Imprenta Nacional. 1859. 

Relaciones y Cartas de Cristóbal Colón. 1892.

Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Translated and Edited by Samuel Eliot Morison. Illustrated by Lima De Freitas.

Autógrafos de Cristóbal Colón y Papeles de América. Rosario Falcó y Osorio, Duquesa de Alba. Madrid.1892

The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand. Translated and Annotated by Benjamin Keen. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey 1992.

De Orbe Novo by Peter Martyr D'Anghera. Volume One. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York and London. The Knickerbocker Press. 1912. 

De Orbe Novo by Peter Martyr D'Anghera. Volume Two. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York and London. The Knickerbocker Press. 1912. 

Fuentes Historicas Sobre Colon y America by Pedro Martir Angleria.

Historia de los Reyes Católicos, Crónica Inédita del siglo XV, por el Bachiller Andrés Bernáldez. Tomo I. Imprenta y librería de D. José Alaria Zamora, 1856.

Historia General y Natural de las Indias, Isla y Tierra-Firme del Mar Océano por El Capitán Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés. Primer Cronista del Nuevo Mundo. Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1851.

Historia General de las Indias by López de Gómara. Calpe, Madrid. 1922. 

Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos, en las Islas, y Tierra-Firme de el Mar Oceano. Escrita por Antonio de Herrera.

Christopher Columbus and the Bank of Saint George by Henry Harrisse.

Colección de Documentos Inéditos. De los Pleitos de Colón. Tomo. Num. 7. 1892.

Enumeración de Libros y Documentos Concernientes a Cristóbal Colón. 1892.


Pre-Columbian Era Primary Sources:

The Geography of Strabo. Volume I

Brendaniana, St. Brendan the Voyager in Story and Legend by the Rev. Denis O'Donoghue. Dublin: Browne & Nolan, LTD. 1895.

Groenlendinga Saga. The Saga of the Greenlanders.

The Saga of Eirik the Red. A Translation of a Work by Dr. Gudbrand Vigfusson. D. Marples & Co. Limited. Liverpool. 1880.

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, The Version of the Cotton Manuscript in Modern Spelling, with Three Narratives, in Illustration of It, from Hakluyt's “Navigations, Voyages & Discoveries.” – Sir John Mandeville. Macmillan and Co., Limited. 1923.

Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms & Marvels of the East. Translated, and Edited, with Notes, by Colonel Sir Henry Yule. Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1903. 


Primary Sources About Columbus, Other Explorers, and the Spanish Conquest:

The First Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci. London, Quaritch 15 Piccadilly, 1893.

Colección de Documentos Inéditos Relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista y Organización de las Antiguas Posesiones Españolas de Ultramar, Tomo 5.

Letters of Cortes. The Five Letters of Relation From Fernando Cortes to the Emperor Charles V by Hernán Cortés. In Two Volumes. Volume One. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York and London. The Knickerbocker Press. 1908.

Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España by Bernal Díaz del Castillo. Epublibre.

First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan. Translated From the Accounts of Antonio Pigafetta and Other Contemporary Writers. The Hakluyt Society. London. M.DCCC.LXXIV. 

Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Disputa ó Controversia con Ginés de Sepúlveda Contendiendo Acerca la Licitud de las Conquistas de las Indias. Revista de Derecho Internacional y Política Exterior. Madrid. MCMVIII. 

History of the Indies by Bartolome de las Casas. Translated and Edited by Andree M. Collard. Harper Torchbooks Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, Evanston, and London, 1971.

Historia de las Indias. Tomo I by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta. Madrid. 1875. 

Historia de las Indias. Tomo II by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta. Madrid. 1875.

Historia de las Indias. Tomo III by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta. Madrid. 1875. 

Historia de las Indias. Tomo IV by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta. Madrid. 1876. 

Historia de las Indias. Tomo V by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta. Madrid. 1876. 

A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas. The Project Gutenberg. 2007. 

De las Antiguas Gentes del Perú by Bartolomé de las Casas. Madrid 1892.

Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España por el Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Tomo Primero. Imprenta del Ciudadano Alejandro Valdés. 1829. 

Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España por el Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Tomo Segundo. Imprenta del Ciudadano Alejandro Valdés. 1829. 

Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España por el Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Tomo Tercero. Imprenta del Ciudadano Alejandro Valdés. 1830. 

Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España por el Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Tomo IV. Editorial Pedro Robredo. México. 1938. 

History of the New World by Girolamo Benzoni, of Milan, Shewing His Travels in America from A.D. 1541 to 1556, with Some Particulars of the Island of Canary. Hakluyt Society. London. M.DCCC.LVII.

Mundus Novus by Amerigo Vespucci. 1916.

Letter of Hernando de Soto and Memoir of Hernando Escalante Fontaneda. Translated from the Spanish by Buckingham Smith. Washington. 1854.

The Natural and Moral History of the Indies by Father Joseph de Acosta. Vol. 1. The Hakluyt Society. [Originally published in Spanish in 1590 and translated into English in 1604].

The Journey of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca by Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. Translated by Fanny Bandelier. Audiobook by Librivox.


Non-Primary Sources About Other Explorers and the Spanish Conquest:

Elógio de la Réina Católica Doña Isabel by D. Diego Clememcin. 1820.

Biblioteca Histórica de Puerto Rico Coordinados y Anotados por D. Alejandro Tapia y Rivera. Puerto Rico. Imprenta Marquez. 1854.

Juan Ponce de León by Federick Albion Ober. 1908.

Historia Antigua de México y de su Conquista, Ilustrada con Disertaciones Sobre la Tierra, los Animales y los Habitantes de México by Francesco Saverio Clavigero. Tomo I. Jalapa. 1868. 


Non-Primary Sources Works About Columbus:

Historia del Nuevo-mundo by Juan Bautista Muñoz. Tomo I.

The History of the New World by Don Juan Bautista Muñoz. Vol. I. 1797.

Historia de la América by William Robertson. Tomo I. 1827.

A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus in Four Volumes by Washington Irving. Published by A. and W. Galignani, 1828.

Cristóbal Colón y el Descubrimiento de América by Alexander Von Humboldt. Tomo 1. 1892.

Informe Sobre Los Retratos de Cristóbal Colón by Valentín Carderera y Solano. Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia. 1851. 

Historia de Cristóbal Colon y de sus Viajes. Escrita en Francés Según Documentos Auténticos Sacados de España é Italia por Roselly de Lorgues. Tomo I. Cádiz. 1858. 

Historia Geográfica, Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto-Rico by Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra. 1866.

Cristóbal Colón y la Universidad by Modesto Falcón. 1881.

Puerto Rico y su Historia by Salvador Brau. 1894.

Colón en Puerto Rico- Disquisiciones Histórico-Filológicas by Cayetano Coll y Toste. 1893.

Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries by Meyer Kayserling.

Christopher Columbus by Rev. J.H. Langille. 1903.

Christopher Columbus: His Life, His Works, His Remains, As Revealed by Original Printed and Manuscript Records, Together with an Essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé de Las Casas, the First Historians of America by John Boyd Thacher. Volume I. The Knickerbocker Press. 1903. 

Columbus: His Life, His Works, His Remains, As Revealed by Original Printed and Manuscript Records, Together with an Essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé de Las Casas, the First Historians of America by John Boyd Thacher. Volume II. The Knickerbocker Press. 1903. 

Admiral of the Ocean Sea. A Life of Christopher Columbus by Samuel Eliot Morison. Little Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto, London, 1970.

The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. Volume I and II. 1992.

The Grand Design by Paolo Emilio Taviani. Orbis Publishing Limited. 1985. 

Columbus and the Conquest of Jerusalem. How Religion Drove the Voyages That Led to America, by Carol Delaney. Free Press. 2012. 


North American Primary Historical Sources:

Capt. John Smith Writings with Other Narratives of Roanoke, Jamestown, and the First English Settlement of America.

Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, Edited by Edward Arber. Published by Burt Franklin.

Mourt’s Relation Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth with an Introduction and Notes by Henry Martyn Dexter. Boston. John Kimball Wiggin.

Bradford’s History of the Plimoth Plantation. From the Original Manuscript. 1901.

Bradford’s History of the Plymouth Settlement. Rendered into Modern English by Harold Paget.


North American Non-Primary Historical Sources:

John Cabot The Discoverer of North America and Sebastian his son by Henry Harrisse. 1896.


*Note- Most of these sources and books are available for free (as ebooks) on Google Books.


Children's Books:

Who Was Christopher Columbus? by Bonnie Bader.

Encounter by Jane Yolen. [This one is anti-Columbus].

Christopher Columbus. Discovery of the Americas by Clint Twist. Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers.1994. [For older kids].


Other Works:

Bartholomew de Las Casas, His Life, Apostolate, and Writings by Francis Augustus MacNutt. Cleveland, U.S.A. The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1909.

Spanish Black Legend: Origins of Anti-Hispanic Stereotypes by Joseph Sanchez. A Black Knight Publication of the Spanish Colonial Research Center. 1990.

The Drama of American History Series by Christopher Collier.

Conquests And Cultures: An International History by Thomas Sowell.

Ethnic America: A History by Thomas Sowell.

The Enemies of Christopher Columbus by Thomas A. Bowden. Answers to Critical Questions About the Spread of Western Civilization. Revised Edition. The Paper Tiger, Inc. NY. 2007.

The Legacy of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. New Nations and a Transatlantic Discourse of Empire by Elise Bartosik-Vélez. Vanderbilt University Press. 2014.

The New Man and the New World: The Influence of Renaissance Humanism on the Explorers of the Italian Era of Discovery by Richard Di Giacomo. 1991.

The Critics of Columbus: The Character Assassination of a Great Explorer by Richard Di Giacomo. 2020.


Anti-Columbus books:

A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn. [Only the chapter about Columbus].

Lies My Teacher Told Me by James Loewen. [Only the chapters about Columbus and the Pilgrims].

Columbus: His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth by Hans Koning.

Columbus: The Four Voyages by Laurence Bergreen.

La Caída de Cristóbal Colón: El juicio de Bobadilla by Consuelo Varela e Isabel Aguirre.



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